Glossary

=Resource Glossary= **Absorption** - the taking up of digested molecules into the cells of the digestive tract

** Adenovirus **  Any of a group of DNA-containing viruses of the family //Adenoviridae// that commonly cause [|conjunctivitis], gastroenteritis, and respiratory infections such as colds, bronchitis, and pneumonia in humans. ( adenovirus. (n.d.). //The American Heritage® Science Dictionary//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/adenovirus__)

**Amylase** - an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates


 * Antigen: **any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies) From, [|wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]

 ** Bacteriophage **  Often shortened to: **phage** a virus that is parasitic in a bacterium and multiplies within its host, which is destroyed when the new viruses are released ( Bacteriophage. (n.d.). //Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bacteriophage__)
 * Bacteria: **single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants, from [|wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]


 * Bile Salts** - the components of bile that break down large fat globules
 * Bolus** - the Greek world for ball

** Capsid **  The coiled or polyhedral structure, composed of proteins, that encloses [|__the__] nucleic acid of a virus. __ [|__Use **capsid** in a Sentence__] __ __ [|__See images of **capsid**__] __ __ [|__Search **capsid** on the Web__] __ <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> Also called protein coat. ( <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">capsid. (n.d.). //Dictionary.com Unabridged//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capsid__)


 * Chyme** - a mixture of partly digested food, water and gastric juice
 * Detoxify** - to remove the effects of a poison
 * Digestion** - the breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller components by physical and chemical means
 * Duodenum** - the first segment (25 cm portion) of the small intestine
 * Egestion** - the removal of waste food materials from the body


 * Eukaryote:** An organism whose cells possess a true nucleus


 * Fungus:** A eukaryotic organism which feeds off of organic matter

** Genome ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> The total amount of genetic information in the chromosomes of an organism, including its genes and DNA sequences. The genome of eukaryotes is made up of a single, haploid set of chromosomes that is contained in the nucleus of every cell and exists in two copies in the chromosomes of all cells except reproductive and red blood cells. The human genome is made up of about 35,000 genes. <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">
 * Host:** <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">An organism that provides lodging for a parasite, from [|highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070294267/student_view0/glossary_e-l.html]
 * Infectious Disease:** A disease which is caused by a microscopic pathogen, and can be easily transmitted form person to person.

<span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">( <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Genome. (n.d.). //The American Heritage® Science Dictionary//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Genome__) ** Influenza ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> A highly contagious <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[|infectious disease] that is caused by any of various viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae and is characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, fatigue, and muscle pain. It commonly occurs in epidemics, one of which killed 20 million people between 1917 and 1919. <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> (  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">influenza. (n.d.). //The American Heritage® Science Dictionary//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/influenza__  <span style="color: #414b56; font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;">**Ingestion** - the taking in of nutrients


 * Lacteal** - a small vessel that provides the products of fat digestion access to your circulatory system
 * Lipase** - a fat digesting enzyme

** Lysis ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> The disintegration of a cell resulting from destruction of its membrane by a chemical substance, especially an antibody or enzyme. <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> (  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Lysis. (n.d.). //The American Heritage® Science Dictionary//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Lysis__) <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> ** Lysogeny ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> The biological process in which a bacterium is infected by a bacteriophage that integrates its DNA into that of the host such that the host is not destroyed. <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> (  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">lysogenic. (n.d.). //Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lysogenic__) <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: #414b56; font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> **Maltose**- a carbohydrate digesting enzyme

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> ** Microbiology ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> A branch of biology dealing especially with microscopic forms of life (as bacteria, protozoans, viruses, and fungi). <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">( <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">microbiologist. (n.d.). //Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/microbiologist__)
 * Microvilli** - microscopic fingerlike outward projections of the cell membrane


 * Mineral** - an element (such as copper, iron, calcium, phosphorus, etc.) required by the body, often in trace amounts. Minerals are inorganic materials


 * Mucus** - a lubricating substance, secreted by glands in the stomach walls, that protects the stomach


 * Parasite:** An animal or plant that lives in another organism. The parasite benefits from the organism at it's expense.


 * Pathogen**: A disease producing agent, such as a microorganism

**Pepsin** - a protein digesting enzyme produced by the stomach

**Peptidase** - an enzyme that breaks peptides into amino acids

**Peristalsis** - rhythmic, wavelike contractions of smooth muscles that move food along the gastrointestinal tract


 * Protists: ** Single celled eukaryotes

**Sphincter** - a constrictor muscle that surrounds a tubelike structure

<span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">** Tobacco Mosaic Virus ( TMV) ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> The virus that causes mosaic disease in tobacco and related plants: its discovery in 1892 provided the first evidence of the existence of viruses. <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12px;">( <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode',sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 12px;">tobacco mosaic virus. (n.d.). //Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; url(http: //www.wikispaces.com/i/a.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">__http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tobacco mosaic virus__ <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> ** Transcription ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> The process in a cell by which genetic material is copied from a strand of DNA to a complementary strand of RNA (called **messenger RNA** ). In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the nucleus before messenger RNA is transported to the ribosomes for protein synthesis. <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> (  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">Transcription. (n.d.). //The American Heritage® Science Dictionary//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Transcription__) <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> ** Translation ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> The process in the ribosomes of a cell by which a strand of messenger RNA directs the assembly of a sequence of amino acids to make a protein. <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> (  <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">translation. (n.d.). //The American Heritage® Science Dictionary//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/translation__)
 * Toxins:** <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">A poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species. From, <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">  [|wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn]
 * Trypsin** - a protein digesting enzyme


 * Vaccination:** Contains modifed pathogen or toxin (that can no longer cause disease) to simulate an immune response. Given to patients via injection.


 * Villi** -small fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine, increasing the surface area for absorption

** Virus ** <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;"> Any of various extremely small, often disease-causing agents consisting of a particle (the **virion** ), containing a segment of RNA or DNA within a protein coat known as a **capsid**. Viruses are not technically considered living organisms because they are devoid of biological processes (such as metabolism and respiration) and cannot reproduce on their own but require a living cell (of a plant, animal, or bacterium) to make more viruses. Viruses reproduce first either by injecting their genetic material into the host cell or by fully entering the cell and shedding their protein coat. The genetic material may then be incorporated into the cell's own genome or remain in the cytoplasm. Eventually the viral genes instruct the cell to produce new viruses, which often cause the cell to die upon their exit. Rather than being primordial forms of life, viruses probably evolved from rogue pieces of cellular nucleic acids. The common cold, <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[|influenza], chickenpox, smallpox, <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[|measles] , <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[|mumps] , yellow fever, hemorrhagic fevers, and some cancers are among the diseases caused by viruses. ( <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','sans-serif'; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;">virus. (n.d.). //The American Heritage® Science Dictionary//. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: __http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/virus__)

<span style="color: #414b56; font-family: Arial,Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">**Vitamin** - an organic molecule needed in trace amounts for normal growth and metabolic processes